A modern tool for analysis of the situation
- SWOT Analysis:
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Strength Major positive sides of the subject under study |
Weakness the liability of any organization or project/ program |
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Opportunity the ability to grow and achieve |
Threat the situation that blocks activities and programs |
- TOWS analysis/matrix:
- Developed by Koontz and Weihrich, 2005.
- is a conceptual framework for a systematic analysis that facilitates matching of the external threats and opportunities with the internal weaknesses and strengths of any system.
a) Internal factors: for example, farmers, extension organization
b) External factors: for example, environment, government policy
c) Internal strength: Knowledge and skills
d) Internal weakness: lack of information
- The four-alternative strategies of the TOWS matrix are shown in the table below.
a) WT strategy: aims to minimize both internal weakness and external threats
b) WO strategy attempts to minimize internal weakness and maximize external opportunities
c) ST strategy is based on maximizing internal strength and minimizing external threats
d) SO strategy is a most gainful situation where both the strength and opportunity are maximized
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External factors |
Internal factors |
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Internal strength (S) |
Internal weakness (W) |
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External Opportunity (O) |
SO strategy: Max-Max |
WO strategy: Min-Max |
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External Threats (T) |
ST strategy: Max-Min |
WT strategy: Min-MIn |
Identify the problems and need
Bakers suggested that three concepts are useful in thinking about needs.
- What the situation is now: determined by situational analysis
- What the situation can be: opportunity or desire considering the time
- What situation should be: the ideal future situation
Setting the objectives
- SMART
a) Specific
b) Measurable
c) Attainable
d) Realistic
e) Time-bound
Develop a plan of work.
- It is a blueprint for the extension worker and the people to follow in moving forward on their program. The major decision involved in the developing plan of work is
a) Decide what different jobs need to be done.
b) Decide how best each of the specific jobs needs to be done.
c) Decide who will be responsible for a plan preparing and executing each of the jobs.
d) Decide when each of the specific phases or part of the plan will be executed.
After deciding before mentioned decision factors we have to develop a plan of work in a log frame.
Plan of work: definite outline of the procedure for solving the selected problems.
Log frame: Double analysis tools that provide the factual layout of the plan of work
Log frame
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Objectively verifiable indicators (OVI) |
Means of verification (MoV) |
Important assumption |
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Goal: Enhance the food security in Lamjung district |
Lamjung district will be self-reliant on food production by 2020 |
Annual Report of Rural Municipality |
Population under the normal population growth rate |
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Purpose Control child malnutrition |
By 2020 malnutrition will be under only 1% |
DHO Annual Report Lamjung |
Nutrition education will be continuous by DHO |
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Expected outputs 1. Diversification of agriculture product
2. Scaling up the kitchen gardening |
3. Diversification of agriculture product will increase from 5 major crop to 10
4. 80% of HHS will promote kitchen gardens in their HH |
Rural Municipality Annual Report Sample survey |
No significant change in RM policy and program |
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Activities 1. Group formation/identification 2. Vegetable production training 3. Subsidized Vegetable seed distribution |
Inputs Donor agency: NRs GoN:
Local contribution: NRs Total: NRs |
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