Major constraints and challenges faced by the people of a mountain in their livelihood system and the future of sustainable development.

a) Shrinkage of agricultural land:

• The actual pressure on agricultural land is much higher, thereby the availability of cropland is too small to support the livelihood of rural households in the mountains.

b) Economic conditions of mountain people:

• Mountain people frequently face the problems of political, social, and economic marginalization and lack access to such basic services as health and education which in turn act as constraints to food security and sustainable development.

c) Climate change, increasing natural, food, and energy crises, population growth, water scarcity, desertification, loss of biodiversity, degradation of the ecosystem, and migrations are the major problems and

d) Inaccessibility:

• The fragility of the mountain ecosystem makes the impact of unsustainable development more severe and more difficult to correct than in other areas of the world.
• Sustainable approaches to development are therefore particularly important and challenging in mountain regions.

e) Natural processes:

• Mountains are greatly affected by destructive natural processes.
• When combined with human intervention particularly the construction of infrastructure and settlement in hazardous areas such events turn into intodisastersr causing damage destruction injury and death.

f) Population growth:

• Due to population growth, the expansion of commercial agriculture and settlements and increasing urbanization have reduced the availability of arable land.
• This leads to less production and more food insecurity.

g) Inappropriate farming practices:

• Inappropriate farming practices and the destruction of mountain forests aggravate the pressure on fragile mountain ecosystems
• Ground cover is destroyed, soil is compacted and erosion accelerates, reducing soil fertility and increasing the potential for natural hazards.