Course Content
Definition, concept and scope of organic farming, status of organic farming in the world and in Nepal
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Concept of organic agriculture
Concept of Organic Farming
Characteristics of Organic Farming
STATUS OF ORGANIC FARMING
Principles of Organic Agriculture
Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)
Common constraints encountered by the farmers in adoption of INM technology
Objectives of INM
Major Concepts of INM
Scope of organic farming
IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC FARMING
IMPACT OF MODERN OR CHEMICAL BASED AGRICULTURE
CONSTRAINTS OF ORGANIC FARMING
Green revolution agriculture, food production, security, agro environment and farmer’s livelihood
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Introduction
Positive impacts of green revolution on food grain production and food security
Negative impacts of green revolution
Principles of organic farming; ecology, care, health and fairness
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Principle of Ecology
Principle of care
Principle of health
Principle of fairness
Components of organic farming
land, soil and water, crop and animal, renewable energy source, indigenous knowledge and biodiversity
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Components of organic farming
Land management
Soil management
Soil quality indicator properties
Principles of sustainable soil management
Methods to maximize the production of organic matter
Methods organic matter management
Soil management and protection against erosion
How can I provide enough nutrients for my crops by supplying organic material?
Mechanical measures
Biological measures
Maintaining soil fertility
Organic farming and biodiversity
OA and climate change
Organic pest management; Principle and practices
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Integrated pest management (IPM)
Major principles of non-pesticidal management
Biological control of diseases and insects
Way of ecological control
Types of Biological control
Microbial pesticides
Some successful microbial pesticides
Classification of bioagent
Plant-incorporated-protectants (PIPs)
Botanical pesticides
Some botanical pesticides
Natural enemies/biotic agents (predators and parasites)
Livestock integration in organic farming, and organic production
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Introduction
Health Care for Organic Livestock: Prevention
Converting to organic livestock production
Ways to boost organic livestock production
Marketing of organic products
organic standards, certification and accreditation, organic trade worldwide in relation to WTO
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Regulations governing organic products
Organic certification
Purpose of Organic Certification
Participatory certification or Participatory Guarantee System (Semi-formal System)
Internal control system (ICS)
Organic Certification Agencies
Certification Process
Accreditation
What are certified organic products?
What is behind an organic label?
Learn Organic Agriculture with Rahul
About Lesson

Some botanical pesticides

  1. Neem oil and Neem seed kernel suspension
  • Neem is a complex mixture of biologically active materials, and it is difficult to pinpoint the exact modes of action of various extracts or preparations.
  • In insects, neem is most active as a feeding deterrent, but in various forms, it also serves as a repellent, growth regulator, oviposition (egg deposition) suppressant, sterilant, or toxin.
  • The potassium soaps (soft soaps) of neem oil @1% are effective against diamondback moth, leaf hopper, aphids, leaf miners, etc.
  • Aqueous neem seed kernel extracts @4-5% are more effective and economical among neem-based products.
  1. Nicotine or tobacco suspension
  • Insecticidal formulations generally contain nicotine in the form of 40% nicotine sulfate.
  • In both insects and mammals, nicotine is an extremely fast-acting nerve toxin. It competes with acetylcholine, the major neurotransmitter, by bonding to acetylcholine receptors at nerve synapses and causing uncontrolled nerve firing.
  • Pyrethrins exert their toxic effects by disrupting the Na and K ion exchange process in insect nerve fibers and interrupting the normal transmission of nerve impulses.
  • Pyrethrin insecticides are extremely fast-acting contact poisons and cause an immediate “knockdown” paralysis in insects.
  • Used extensively as protectants against insect pests of storage.

 

  1. Rotenone
  • Group of compounds extracted from roots of Lonchocarpus species in South America, Derris species in Asia, and several other related tropical legumes.
  • Rotenone is a powerful inhibitor of cellular respiration, the process that converts nutrient compounds into energy at the cellular level.
  • In insects rotenone exerts its toxic effects primarily on nerve and muscle cells, causing rapid cessation of feeding.
  • Death occurs several hours to a few days after exposure.
  • Rotenone is extremely toxic to fish and is often used as a fish poison (piscicide) in water management programs. • Used against beetles, aphids, weevils, fleas, lice, ticks, etc. (Commercially for Colorado potato beetle)

 

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