Way of ecological control

a. Artificial structures

• Nesting boxes for predatory birds and wasps (Polistes sp).
• Burlap traps for attracting coccinellid predatory (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri) of mealybug.

b. Food and shelter

• Pollen and nectar-bearing flowering plants as supplementary food to predators like chrysopids, coccinellids, predatory mites, syrphid flies, and parasitoids.

c. Controlling ants: are enemies to beneficial insects as well.

d. Cultural practices

• Protecting parasitoid Tetrastichus pyrillae of s/c pyrilla by avoiding thrash burning.
• Removal and burning of fallen fruit reduce the population of coddling moths in apples.
• Releasing of egg parasitoids in orchards.
• Water shoot removal in citrus reduces the population of leaf-miner, scale-insect, citrus psylla, mealybug, etc.

e. Trap crops

• Castor around tobacco nurseries and marigolds around the main field attract Spodoptera and Helicoverpa respectively and use of NPV and egg parasitoids in the trap crops.
• Trapping solar heat through soil solarization.