Temperature management in fishponds

• Maintain the pond depth ( not less than 1m).
• Provide temporary shade to the ponds in hot months.
• Avoid shading in cold months.
• Avoid fish handling during very high and low temperatures.
• Exchange pond water whenever required.

Dissolved oxygen

• Essential to most aquatic organisms for their respiration.
• Is also necessary during the process of decomposition.
• If adequate amounts are not maintained, aquatic animals will be stressed, becoming vulnerable to diseases and parasite outbreaks, or they will die.
• The animals may refuse to eat for a period during and after oxygen depletion.
• Thus, growth rate and food conversion efficiency will suffer and feed will be wasted if prepared diets are provided.
• The solubility of oxygen in water depends on:

1. Temperature: Decrease with increasing water temperature.
2. Atmospheric pressure: Increase with increasing atmospheric pressure.
3. Salinity: Decrease with increasing salinity.